Wire size for 100 amps at 250 feet
The smallest wire that carries 100 amps safely, then checked so no more than 3% of the voltage is lost over 250 feet at 240 volts.
NM-B house cable (Romex)
Not NM-B
Over 55 amps or this far, run wires in conduit or SER cable.
Copper wires in conduit (THHN)
1/0 AWG
3 AWG carries the amps; one size up keeps the drop to 2.54%
Aluminum (SER or XHHW)
3/0 AWG
1 AWG carries the amps; larger keeps the drop to 2.63%
For a whole-house service only: NEC 310.12 lets a dwelling's main service or feeder run at 83% of its rating, so 100 A can use 4 AWG copper or 2 AWG aluminum. That does not apply to a subpanel feeder or a single circuit.
Every size at 250 feet and 100 amps
| Size | Carries, NM-B (60°C) | Carries, conduit (75°C) | Drop, copper | Drop, aluminum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 AWG | 15 A | 15 A | 64.0% | - |
| 12 AWG | 20 A | 20 A | 40.2% | 66.3% |
| 10 AWG | 30 A | 30 A | 25.2% | 41.7% |
| 8 AWG | 40 A | 50 A | 15.9% | 26.3% |
| 6 AWG | 55 A | 65 A | 10.2% | 16.8% |
| 4 AWG | 70 A | 85 A | 6.42% | 10.6% |
| 3 AWG | 85 A | 100 A | 5.10% | 8.40% |
| 2 AWG | 95 A | 115 A | 4.04% | 6.65% |
| 1 AWG | 110 A | 130 A | 3.21% | 5.27% |
| 1/0 AWG | 125 A | 150 A | 2.54% | 4.19% |
| 2/0 AWG | 145 A | 175 A | 2.01% | 3.31% |
| 3/0 AWG | 165 A | 200 A | 1.60% | 2.63% |
| 4/0 AWG | 195 A | 230 A | 1.27% | 2.08% |
| 250 kcmil | 215 A | 255 A | 1.07% | 1.76% |
| 300 kcmil | 240 A | 285 A | 0.89% | 1.47% |
| 350 kcmil | 260 A | 310 A | 0.76% | 1.26% |
How the size is picked
- Amps first. The wire has to carry the breaker's amps: NEC Table 310.16, with NM-B house cable held to the 60°C column and wires in conduit to the 75°C column. Small wires are capped at 15 A for 14 AWG, 20 A for 12 AWG and 30 A for 10 AWG copper.
- Then distance. Long runs lose voltage. The size goes up until no more than 3% is lost, the figure the NEC recommends for a branch circuit, using the wire resistances in NEC Chapter 9, Table 8.
- Distance is one way. Measure from the panel to the load; the math counts the trip out and back.
Motors, EV chargers and anything that runs for three hours or more are sized at 125% of their load. Local codes can be stricter; your inspector has the last word.